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12 from Perseus Tools and Information

1. Akrotiri: Greece [Atlas site] (11.76)

2. Port Santorini: South Carolina, United States [Atlas site] (11.32)

3. Thira: Greece [Atlas site] (10.01)

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67 from Greek and Roman Materials

1. Akrotiri, Gamma sector, Akrotiri, Thera: Walls and stairway of house SW of Telchines Street [Image] (29.05)

2. Akrotiri, Thera, Akrotiri, Workshop: Remains from E [Image] (28.25)

3. Akrotiri, Thera [Reference article in Perseus Site Catalog] (26.12)

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1 from AIM25 - Archives in London

1. The Institution for the Cure and Prevention of Contagious Fevers<br> London Fever Hospital <br> Royal Free Hospital, Liverpool Road Branch; London Fever Hospital: Records of the London Fever Hospital, Islington, latterly the Liverpool Road branch of the Royal Free Hospital, 1801-1975 comprising: <br><br> Administrative records, 1801-1948; notably Annual Reports, 1815-1931; Committee Minutes, 1801-1947 (volume for 1815-1818 lost); Sub-Committee minutes, 1835-1847, 1880-1929; Secretary's letter books, 1914-1920 and correspondence files, 1937-1956, register of employees, 1917-1924, 1936-1939; House Director's minutes, 1858-1940; Visitor's Book, 1928-1940.<br> <br> Financial records, including Capital Dividend Accounts, 1887-1921; records of Monthly expenditure, 1918-1949; salaries, 1932-1944; papers on legacies and bequests to LFH, 1880-1947, including copies of wills in which there were bequests to the Hospital; Subscriptions and Donations Register, 1932-1937 and papers of Development Committee on appeal for funds, 1936-1939<br> <br> Nursing records, including Trained Nurses Registers, 1920-1945; Register of Probationers, 1920-1939; Register of voluntary and part-time staff, 1939-1945; inventory of linen and bedding, 1881-1907 <br> <br> Patient records including reports of Resident Medical Officer, 1824-1825, 1875-1886, 1928-1934; Patients Admission and Discharge Registers, 1837-1874, 1880-1888, 1896-1911, 1916-1938; Death Registers, 1849-1853, 1864, 1867-1869; Consultant's books, 1921-1938, containing patient notes organised by Consultant, Dr Charles Box, Sir John Broadbent, Dr William Hunter, Dr C Lakin, and Sir William Willcox; Anaesthetic registers, 1955-1975<br><br> World War Two records including Air Raid Casualty Records, 1943-1944; Casualty List, 1940; Operating Theatre Record Books (air raid casualties), 1940-1944<br><br> Press Cuttings, 1882-1948 (4 vols)<br><br> Albums (2 vols) containing blocks and photographs, 1934-1942;<br><br>City of London Maternity Hospital: correspondence, accounts, minutes of finance committee and weekly board, including details of proposed 'regionalisation' of London maternity services, 1941-1948. [Text] [View with Perseus links] (0.19)

39 from Beazley Archive

1. Genoa, Museo Civico di Archeologia Ligure: LEKYTHOS; PATTERN [Beazley Archive Vase] (4.94)

2. Thera (Santorin), Archeological Museum: CUP LITTLE MASTER BAND; SIREN, BETWEEN PALMETTES [Beazley Archive Vase] (2.75)

3. Thera (Santorin), Archeological Museum: CUP SIANA; C PAINTER; FIGHT, WARRIORS, SHIELD DEVICE, HEAD OF LION [Beazley Archive Vase] (2.32)

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21 from BioMed Central

1. Mieczkowski, Tom, Tsatsakis, Aristidis M, Kruger, Michael, Psillakis, Thanasis; The concentration of three anti-seizure medications in hair: the effects of hair color, controlling for dose and age: (in English) AbstractBackgroundThis paper assess the relationship between the quantity of three anti-seizure medications in hair and the color of the analyzed hair, while controlling for the effects of dose, dose duration, and patient age for 140 clinical patients undergoing anti-seizure therapy. Three drugs are assessed: carbamazepine (40 patients), valproic acid (40 patients), and phenytoin (60 patients). The relationship between hair assay results, hair color, dose, dose duration, and age is modeled using an analysis of covariance. The covariance model posits the hair assay results as the dependent variable, the hair color as the qualitative categorical independent variable, and dose, dose duration, and age as covariates. The null hypothesis assessed is that there is a no relationship between hair color and the quantity of analyte determined by hair assay such that darker colored hair will demonstrate higher concentrations of analyte than lighter colored hair.ResultsThe analysis reveals that there is a significant relationship between dose and concentration for all hair color categories independent of the other covariates or the categorical independent variable.ConclusionThere does not appear to be any relationship between carbamazepine concentration and hair color. There is a weak relationship between hair color and valproic acid concentration, which the data suggest may be mediated by age. There is a significant, moderate relationship between phenytoin concentration and hair color such that darker colored hair has greater concentration values than lighter colored hair. [Text] [View with Perseus links] (0.69)

2. Andy McEwen, Robert West, Lesley Owen; General Practitioners' views on the provision of nicotine replacement therapy and bupropion: (in English) AbstractBackgroundNicotine replacement therapies (NRT) and a new drug, bupropion, are licensed in several countries as aids to smoking cessation. General practitioners (GPs) play a crucial role in recommending or prescribing these medications. In the UK there has been discussion about whether the medications should be reimbursable by the National Health Service (NHS). This study assessed English GPs' attitudes towards reimbursement of NRT and bupropion.MethodsPostal survey of a randomly selected national sample of GPs; 376 GPs completed the questionnaire after one reminder; effective response rate: 53%. There was no difference between the responses of GPs who responded to the initial request and those who responded only after a reminder suggesting minimal bias due to non-response.ResultsAttitudes of GPs were remarkably divided on most issues relating to the medications. Forty-three percent thought that bupropion should not be on NHS prescription while 42% thought that it should be (15% did not know); Fifty percent thought that NRT should not be on NHS prescription while 42% thought it should be (8% did not know). Requiring that smokers attend behavioural support programmes to be eligible to receive the medications on NHS prescription made no appreciable difference to the GPs' views. GPs were similarly divided on whether having the medications reimbursable would add unacceptably to their workload or offer a welcome opportunity to discuss smoking with their patients. A principal components analysis of responses to the individual questions on NRT and bupropion revealed that GPs' attitudes could be understood in terms of a single 'pro-con' dimension accounting for 53% of the total variance which made no distinction between the two medications.ConclusionsGPs in England appear to be divided in their attitudes to medications to aid smoking cessation and appear not to discriminate in their views between different types of medication or different aspects of their use. This suggests that their attitudes are generated by quite fundamental values. Addressing these values may be important in encouraging GPs to adhere more closely to national and international guidelines. [Text] [View with Perseus links] (0.36)

3. Lindsay Stead, Tim Lancaster, Chris Silagy; Updating a systematic review - what difference did it make? Case study of nicotine replacement therapy: (in English) AbstractAimsTo examine the effect of updating a systematic review of nicotine replacement therapy on its contents and conclusions.MethodsWe examined the effects of regular updating of a systematic review of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. We considered two outcomes. First, we assessed the effect of adding new data to meta-analyses, comparing results in 2000 with the results in 1994. Second, we assessed qualitatively the ways inwhich the nature of the questions addressed by the review had changed between the two dates. For the first outcome, we compared the number of trials, the pooled estimate of effect using the odds ratio, and the results of pre-specified subgroup analyses, for nicotine gum and patch separately. Using a test for interaction, we assessed whether differences between estimates were statistically significant.ResultsThere were ten new trials of nicotine gum between 1994 and 2000, and the meta-analytic effect changed little. For the nicotine patch the number of trials increased from 9 to 30, and the meta-analytic effect fell from 2.07 (95% CI 1.64 - 2.62) to 1.73 (95% CI 1.56 - 1.93). Apparent differences in relative effect in sub-groups found in 1994 were not found in 2000. The updated systematic review addressed a number of questions not identified in the original version.ConclusionsUpdating the meta-analyses lead to a more precise estimate of the likely effect of the nicotine patch, but the clinical message was unchanged. Further placebo controlled NRT trials are not likely to add to the evidence base. It is questionable whether updating the meta-analyses to include them is worthwhile. The content of the systematic review has, however, changed, with the addition of data addressing questions not considered in the original review. There is a tension between the principle of identifying the important questions prior to conducting a review, and keeping the review up to date as primary research identifies new avenues of enquiry. [Text] [View with Perseus links] (0.34)

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6 from CIMI Metadata Harvesting Working Group Demonstration Repository

1. Amalgamated Wirelss (Australasia) Ltd.; Electro-Convulsive Therapy Machine: Electro-convulsive therapy machine in a square, white wooden case. There are two wires which come out from side of case. Machine consists of two fuse- plugs, a "treat" metal button, two torch bulbs for "treat" and "mains", voltage selector 1-7 and main switch. Attached is a black electrical cord on outside of case. [Text] (0.78)

2. Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) Ltd.; Electro-Convulsive Therapy Machine: Electro-convulsive therapy machine is a square, white, metal box. The machine has an electrical cord attached and there are two curved, metal handles. Machine consists of two fuse bulbs, one 'treat' metal button, two torch bulbs for 'treat' and 'mains', voltage selector 1-7 and main switch. [Text] (0.78)

3. Electronic Research & Manufacturing Co.; Electro-Convulsive Therapy Machine: Electro-convulsive therapy machine in beige, oilskin covered, square, wooden case, with hinged lid. Thick leather handle on top with catch in front. Mechanism of machine hidden by plastic control panel which fills top of case. There are 2 clamps for instruments in lid. A long electric cord with plug is connected through panel. There is an oblong blue leather bag containing 2 flat, square grey sponges (insulation?) and 4 flat, hollow, circular, metal plates (diam 6cm x depth 1cm) with short, hollow stems with hole and screw in side to attach electric wire (to patient's head?) Slits insides for threading rubber straps through. All except 1 strap have disintegrated. 4 oval metal plates with brass screws rivetted to one end (1 screw missing). [Text] (0.76)

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14 from Humboldt University of Berlin, GERMANY, Document Server

1. Theres, Heinz Peter; Kardiales Monitoring mit Hilfe implantierbarer Systeme: (in German) Mikroprocessor controlled implantable systems are standard in many medical specialities. Physiological parameters can be recorded, stored and transfered via telemetry systems. In addition different therapeutic options are available: neurostimulation to treat patients with refractory pain and morbus parkinson, drug pumps for infusion of insulin etc.. Cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators were the driving force in the development of implantable sensors. We investigated different physiological cardiac parameters via implantable sensors. In this paper we discuss basic technical aspects, sensors, signal conditioning and signal analysis. The spectrum of available implantable sensors is shown. New options like the monitoring of transient myocardial ischemia are presented. [Text] [View with Perseus links] (1.40)

2. Schnabel, Kai Philipp; Entwicklung und Evaluation eines Expertensystems zur Prognoseabschatzung bei Kindern mit Hirnstammgliomen: (in German) An expert system for the estimation of a prognosis was developed and evaluated which uses a new kind of valuation. Brainstem gliomas in the childhood were chosen as an example of a disease. HISTAGLI consists of an information component which gives an overview about the disease, a database in which all patient data is presented as text and graphics, and a prognosis creation component which creates a prognosis for newly inserted patients in six categories under consideration of different therapy pattern and explains the way towards the estimation of the prognosis. The knowledge base of the prognosis creation component was made out of the clinical and histopathological data of 23 children with brainstem gliomas halfautomaticly valued by an expert. There was a high correlation of 78,26% (with one category toleranz 86,96% ) accordance with the real prognosis of the patients. This result is only restricted transferable to new patients because of the number of cases which is too small for statistical evidence. Higher precision is expected with appropriate maintenance and an increasing number of cases. [Text] [View with Perseus links] (1.06)

3. Lemor, Robert; Nicht-invasive Kontrolle thermischer Therapien mit Hilfe des Ultraschalls: (in German) As alternatives to surgical resection and/or supportive to radio- or chemo-therapy of tumors and metastases minimal invasive thermal treatment procedures besides the moderate hyperthermia are used, by which the tissue is heated up locally to temperatures up to 100 ° C. Particularly the interstitial techniques show promising results with the treatment of liver metastases and prostate cancer. However beside nuclear magnetic resonance tomography there is no economical, by routine applicable procedure for non invasive therapy control at present disposal, so that these interventions are usually executed "blind" by means of anatomical standard values and practical experience of the physician. By the example of the laser induced interstitial thermo-therapy in this work the possibility of non invasive control of thermal therapies by means of ultrasound are evaluated. Two different ultrasonic procedures are proposed for therapy control. The first procedure is based on the analysis of local modifications in the time of flight of the ultrasound signal for determination of the temperature distribution in the tissue. It is based on the physical dependence of the sound velocity on temperature. The second procedure is based on the physical attenuation characteristics of biological tissue and their dependence on the tissue structure. With this procedure changes in the frequency dependence of the ultrasound attenuation are quantitatively analyzed yielding information on the tissue status. Both procedures are developed with regard to the clinical application and are implemented in an experimental system for therapy control, whereby special attention was given to disturbances and artifacts due to patient movement and a method for compensating these movements is presented. With in vitro experiments and a first in vivo measurement it is shown, that both procedures are feasible for real time control of thermal therapies. During the treatment the formation of the therapeutic lesion can be observed and displayed through temperature mapping as well as structural mapping. [Text] [View with Perseus links] (0.42)

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1 from NCSTRL Historical Collection

1. Kohler, Torsten; Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von antibiotischen Leistungsforderern und ionophoren Antikokzidia auf die Inzidenz der Clostridium perfringens-Enterotoxamie des Huhnes nach experimenteller Infektion: Investigations with 825 chickens in 33 trials were performed in order to find out the prophylactic effect of selected antibiotic growth promoters [avilamycin (10 ppm), avoparcin (15 ppm) virginiamycin (20 ppm)] and polyether ionophore antibiotics [monensin (100 ppm), narasin (70 ppm)] on the incidence of Clostridium (Cl.) perfringens enterotoxemia (CPE) in chickens as well as the therapeutic resp. metaphylactic influence of tylosin [Tylan 0,5 g/l H20]. The enterotoxemia could be reproduced regularly by intraduodenal infection with high numbers of vegetative cells of Cl. perfringens type A (ATCC 3624). The morbidity rate always reached 100 %. In spite of a profuse and watery diarrhoea the chickens normally showed no further considerable disturbances of the general status. Apathy or anorexia were rather rare and immediately followed by Exitus letalis of the related chickens. It was striking that the infected and non-medicated broilers contracted the disease more quickly and for a longer time. The mortality rate among the infected and non-medicated animals was 16 to 36 %, among the medicated groups max. 8 %. Tylosin showed a considerable metaphylactic effect in decreasing CPE mortality. The avoparcin group showed the best weight gain among the growth promoters, comparable to the results by means of the combinations [avilamycin + monensin or narasin] or narasin only. Decreasingly avilamycin, virginiamycin and monensin were less successful. Analysing the faecal resp. ileocecal quantities of Cl. perfringens adduced only a few statistically guaranteed correlation with other results. There was no causal connection between numbers of Cl. perfringens and life weight development. It was impossible to discover a numerical threshold of germs responsible for the death of the chickens. Summarising all the results of the entire attempts the combinations of avilamycin and narasin resp. monensin were the most effective concerning the reduction of morbidity, mortality and life weight losses by CPE. By application of tylosin it was possible to stop the mortality rate quickly. But it needs more time to achieve reductions of the CPE related weight losses. The two polyethers and also avilamycin are still admitted in the European Union. Currently an abandonment of anticoccidial feed supplements seems to be impossible due to the present danger of coccidiosis in poultry. By means of monensin/narasin plus avilamycin the adverse health effects of interactions of both pathogens should be reduced. Presupposing susceptibility of the coccida this should be a notable contribution to a better controlling and to the prevention of CPE and coccidiosis, too. [Text] [View with Perseus links] (0.27)

2 from OCLC Online Computer Library Center Theses and Dissertations Repository

1. Mott, Theral J.; The relationship of certain biographical information to the performance of elementary-school principals /--by Theral J. Mott.: Vita: a?IJN.269., Thesis (Ed. D. 1966)--Dept. of Educational Administration, University of Utah., Bibliography: a?IJN.[171]-191. [Text] (1.52)

2. HuyeI?II?In-Vi,--ThiI?ich.; A critical study of the life and works of SaI?IJriputta Thera,--by Thich Huyen-Vi (Le-van-Huyen): Thesis--Magadha University., Bibliography: p. [319]-321. [Text] (0.43)

1 from The University of Michigan. University Library. Digital Library Production Service.

1. Per Liquidum &#x0c6;thera Vates, Catholic World [Text] [View with Perseus links] (2.46)

14 from Virginia Tech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection

1. Moore, Budd A.; The Efficacy Of Group Counseling Interventions Employing Short-Term Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy In Altering The Beliefs, Attitudes, And Behaviors Of At-Risk Adolescents: Thomas Hohenshil, Marilyn V. Lichtman, Karen H. Rosen, Richard S. Paritzky, Libby R. Hoffman; (in English) An experimental, randomized, control-group, pretest-postest design was employed in this study to examine the efficacy of the use of two short-term group counseling interventions employing Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy with at-risk adolescents in changing their beliefs, altering their attitude toward school, and moderating behaviors that are problematic in an educational setting. Forty-eight subjects were included in this study from an alternative evening high school setting and were assessed in the initial stage of treatment using The Idea Inventory and The Majoribanks Attitude-To-School Inventory. The School Social Behavior Scale was employed at this beginning point to observe these students by teachers and administrators with regard to social competence and anti-social behaviors. Subjects were selected from a pool of regularly attending students in an alternative high school program and randomly assigned to three groups, one employing REBT concepts and techniques alone, one using REBT concepts and techniques in conjunction with the therapeutic board game, Lets Get Rational, and a control group. The treatment and control group designations were also randomly assigned to the counseling groups. Ten weekly 50 minute group counseling sessions were conducted by two masters level counselors employing the tenets of REBT with adolescents. Group participants had the opportunity to learn new interpersonal skills and behaviors that may be helpful to them in staying in school. At the conclusion of the 10 week treatment group sessions, the subjects in the three groups were re-assessed employing the same instruments mentioned before to determine if the activities in the group sessions made significant differences in the rational thinking, attitude to school, and school social behaviors of these at-risk students in an alternative setting. Data were analyzed using descritpive statistics in addition to a factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) to measure the pretest and posttest performance and understanding of the subjects. Results revealed that the differences in the scores of the treatment groups were significant the REBT group employing the game, Lets Get Rational, contributing to students learning and understanding of the tenets of REBT at the .05 alpha level on the four dependent variables. There were no significant differences between genders regarding the four dependent variables, and there was a lack of a significant interaction between the intervention approach taken and the gender of the group member. There was no significant interaction between the gender of the subject and the treatment group placement. The results from both REBT groups support the efficacy of using the tenets of REBT with school aged populations who are at risk for failure. Appropriate conclusions and recommendations based upon the study findings were made. Implications for secondary school counselors and those counselors working with at-risk students were delineated. [Text] [View with Perseus links] (0.75)

2. Balderson, Stephanie D.; Investigations of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Cell Surface Binding: Regulation by Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan: Dr. Kimberly Forsten, Dr. William Velander, Dr. Hara Misra; (in English) The primary aim of this text is to gain insight on how cellular activation by a insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), in the presence of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), is influenced by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Initial research will be presented, assumptions and hypotheses that were included in the development of mathematical models will be discussed, and the future enhancements of the models will be explored. There are many potential scenarios for how each component might influence the others. Mathematical modeling techniques will highlight the contributions made by numerous extracellular parameters on IGF-I cell surface binding. Tentative assumptions can be applied to modeling techniques and predictions may aid in the direction of future experiments. Experimentally, it was found that IGFBP-3 inhibited IGF-I Bovine Aortic Endothelial (BAE) cell surface binding while p9 HS slightly increased IGF-I BAE cell surface binding. IGFBP-3 has a higher binding affinity for IGF-I (3 x 10-9 M) than p9 HS has for IGF-I (1.5 x 10-8 M) as determined with cell-free binding assays. The presence of p9 HS countered the inhibiting effect of IGFBP-3 on IGF-I BAE cell surface binding. Although preliminary experiments with labeled p9 HS and IGFBP-3 indicated little to no cell surface binding, later experiments indicated that both IGFBP-3 and p9 HS do bind to the BAE cell surface. Pre-incubation of BAE cells with either IGFBP-3 or p9 HS resulted in an increase of IGF-I BAE cell surface binding . There was a more substantial increase of IGF-I surface binding when cells were pre-incubated with IGFBP-3 than p9 HS. There was a larger increase of IGF-I BAE cell surface binding when cells were pre-incubated with p9 HS than when p9 HS and IGF-I were added simultaneously. This suggests that IGFBP-3 and p9 HS surface binding plays key role in IGF-I surface binding, however, p9 HS surface binding does not alter IGF-I surface binding as much as IGFBP-3 surface binding seems to. Experimental work helps further the understanding of IGF-I cellular activation as regulated by IGFBP-3 and p9 HS. Developing mathematical models allows the researcher to focus on individual elements in a complex systems and gain insight on how the real system will respond to individual changes. Discrepancies between the model results and the experimental data presented indicate that soluble receptor inhibition is not sufficient to account for experimental results. The alliance of engineering analysis and molecular biology helps to clarify significant principles relevant to the conveyance of growth factors into tissue. Awareness of the effects of individual parameters in the delivery system, made possible with mathematical models, will provide guidance and save time in the design of future therapeutics involving growth factors. [Text] [View with Perseus links] (0.56)

3. DeMarco, Laurie W.; THE FACTORS AFFECTING ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS' INTEGRATION OF SCHOOL GARDENING INTO THE CURRICULUM SCHOOL TEACHERS1 INTEGRATION OF SCHOOL GARDENING INTO THE CURRICULUM: John H. Hillison, P. Diane Relf, James R. McKenna, Alan R. McDaniel, Susan G. Magliaro; (in English) The purpose of this research was to identify the logistical, conceptual, educational, and attitudinal factors that affect elementary school teachers1 implementation of school gardening in the curriculum. This research also sought to qualitatively describe the current application of school gardening by the study population in the elementary school curriculum, and to identify avenues in which the horticultural community can assist teachers in implementing the use of this teaching strategy. <p> The target population consisted of elementary school teachers who taught at schools that had received a Youth Gardening Grant from the National Gardening Association in either the 1994/95 or 1995/96 academic years. Data were collected using a School Gardening Survey which was sent to an accessible population of 315 elementary schools. From this mailing, 236 usable responses were received for analysis. The results of the survey were confirmed, and expanded upon, by personal interviews conducted with 28 teachers from the test population who used school gardening in their curriculum and taught in the Commonwealth of Virginia. <p> Survey and interview responses provided data for statistical analysis using the computer statistic package, Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Chi-square correlations did not provide significant relationships between factors; however, frequencies, averages and mean and mode information provided insight into the use of school gardening and the needs of teachers who are using this teaching strategy. <p> Survey data indicated that the most important factors that need to be present for the successful use of school gardening were logistical factors. The most essential factors were a person, or persons, who take on the responsibility for the gardening program, the availability of a site to grow plants, and adequate funding for gardening materials. In addition, the availability of gardening equipment and the support of the principal were stated to be very important to school gardening success. <p> Interview data indicated that the most crucial factors that need to be present for the successful use of school gardening were educational factors. Student ownership of the gardens and the integration of school gardening into the curriculum were seen as more important to school gardening success than the logistical features of school gardening. There was survey and interview consensus, however, that the lack of preparation time for school gardening activities and the lack of instructional time for learning using school gardening were factors that influence the use of this teaching strategy. There was also agreement that the logistical factors of a growing site, a water source, the availability of gardening equipment, adequate funding, and a person who is responsible for school gardening were important to the successful use of school gardening. <p> Essentially all of the interviewed and surveyed teachers (99%) use school gardening as an interdisciplinary teaching method. It is the interdisciplinary nature of gardening and growing plants that allows school gardening to be used successfully within the elementary school curriculum. Study results also indicated that school gardening is used to teach students in all grade levels found in an elementary school including students in prekindergarten, special education, and 3English as a Second Language2 classes. <p> School gardening is often used to benefit students beyond standard academic achievement. Teachers use school gardening for such goals as social development, therapy, recreation, environmental awareness, community relationships, exploring diversity, and the arts. School gardening is also seen as a teaching strategy that can occur both indoors and outdoors. Teachers are not limiting their concept of gardening to an activity that must occur in the out-of-doors. <p> Teachers indicated that they depend primarily on their own knowledge of gardening when gardening with their students. They also rely more on their gardening knowledge than on their knowledge of science when using school gardening within the curriculum. However, these same teachers expressed a need for further education and information on the integration of gardening into the curriculum, and the horticultural aspects of gardening that can be implemented within the educational, time, facility, funding, and legal limits placed on a school situation. Teachers also requested that this education be provided as in-service training, Master Gardener training, or graduate and/or continuing education classes provided through the local institution of higher education. <p> The survey and interview respondents indicated that school gardening is a very effective, interdisciplinary teaching method. These teachers find that use of school gardening assists students in learning and understanding new ideas, and that student learning improves when using school gardening in the curriculum. In addition, interviewed teachers indicated that students obtain a more positive environmental ethic when gardening is used in the curriculum. <p> Elementary school teachers may use school gardening to improve student academic and social achievement, to provide a hands-on learning experience that reaches across the curriculum, to furnish a forum that provides opportunities to learn such positive social qualities as nurturing life and responsibility, and to encourage students to expand their appreciation for the living world around them. The interdisciplinary nature of school gardening shows promise as a teaching strategy that can be used to enhance student learning, and to expose students to the expanse of learning available through the process of growing plants. [Text] [View with Perseus links] (0.43)

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