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Jeffrey A. Rydberg-Cox, Overview of Greek Syntax
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The indicative mood expresses simple statements or questions of fact. Specific Indicative: The Indicative mood is used to express a fact or to ask a question anticipating a fact. Smyth 1770-1773 entauth' emeinen hêmeras pente Xen. Anab. 1.2.11 ; He remained there for five days In Purpose or Final Clauses: The future indicative can be used in place of the subjunctive or optative in purpose clauses (Most common in poetry). Smyth 2203 oude di' hen allo trephontai ê hopôs machountai Xen. Cyrop. 2.1.21 ; nor are they maintained for any other single purpose than for fighting In Object Clauses of Effort: The future indicative can be used in object clauses introduced by hopôs or hopôs mê following verbs that signify attempting or planning. Smyth 2209-2211 eprasson hopôs tis boêtheia hêxei Thuc. 3.4 they were managing (this, that) how some reinforcements should come In Fear Clauses: The future indicative can sometimes be used in place of the subjunctive in object clauses introduced by hopôs mê following verbs that signify fear of something in the future. The indicative is also used in clauses that signify fear of something in the present or the past. Smyth 2231 Dem. 9.75 dedoika hopôs mê . . . anankê genêsetai v. l. genêtai I fear lest a necessity may arise In Causal Clauses: The indicative is used in causal clauses expressing a factual cause after both primary and secondary tenses. The negative is ou. Causal clauses are introduced by hoti, dioti, dioper, epei, epeidê, hote, hopote and hôs. Smyth 2240-2242 epei de humeis ou boulesthe sumporeuesthai, anankê dê moi ê humas prodonta têi Kurou philiai chrêsthai ktl. Xen. Anab. 1.3.5 ; but since you do not wish to continue the march with me, I must either retain the friendship of Cyrus by renouncing you, etc. In Consecutive or Result Clauses: A result clause introduced by hôste expressing the idea of an actual result is expressed by the indicative. Smyth 2274-2278 houtô diakeimai huph' humôn hôste oude deipnon echô en têi emautou chôrai Xen. Hell. 4.1.33 ; I am treated by you in such a manner that I cannot even sup in my own country In Temporal Clauses: The indicative is used in temporal clauses to denote a factual occurrence on a definite occasion in the present or the past. The negative is ou. Smyth 2395-2397 hote tauta ên, schedon mesai êsan nuktes Xen. Anab. 3.1.33 ; it was about midnight when this was taking place In Indirect Discourse: The indicative is used in indirect discourse introduced by hoti or hôs following a verb in primary sequence. The indicative may also be retained following a verb in secondary sequence. Smyth 2614-2615 legei d' hôs hubristês eimi Lys. 24.15 ; he says that I am an insolent person Present Simple Conditions: The present or perfect indicative stands in the protasis of present simple conditions. The present or perfect indicative stands in the apodosis. Smyth 2298-2301 ei oun boulesthe, exestin humin hêmas labein xummachous Xen. Anab. 5.4.6 ; If you wish, you can take us as allies Present Contrafactual Conditions: The imperfect indicative stands in the protasis of present contrafactual conditions. The imperfect indicative with an stands in the apodosis. Smyth 2302-2312 ei gar ekêdou, hêkes an pherôn plêrê ton misthon Xen. Anab. 7.5.5 ; If you were troubled, you would have come with full pay Present General Conditions: The subjunctive with ean stands in the protasis of present general conditions. The present indicative stands in the apodosis Smyth 2337-2339 adikounta, ên labêis, kolazeis; Xen. Cyrop. 3.1.11 ; Do you punish a wrong-doer if you catch him? Past Simple Conditions: The imperfect, aorist, or pluperfect indicative stands in the protasis and apodosis of past simple conditions. Smyth 2298-2301 ei te ti allo . . . egeneto epikindunon tois Hellêsi, pantôn . . . meteschomen Thuc. 3.54 ; and if any other danger befell the Greeks, we took our share in all Past Contrafactual Conditions: The aorist or imperfect indicative stands in the protasis of past contrafactual conditions. The aorist or imperfect indicative with an stands in the apodosis. Smyth 2302-2312 ouk an epoiêsen Agasias tauta, ei mê egô auton ekeleusa Xen. Anab. 6.6.15 ; Agasias would not have done this, if I had not commanded him Past General Conditions: The optative with ei stands in the protasis of past general conditions. The imperfect indicative stands in the apodosis. Smyth 2340-2341 ei de tis kai anteipoi, euthus . . . etethnêkei Thuc. 8.66 ; but if any one even made an objection, he was promptly put to death Future More Vivid Conditions: The subjunctive with ean stands in the protasis of future more vivid conditions. The future indicative stands in the apodosis. Smyth 2323-2327 ti estai tois stratiôtais, ean autôi tauta charisôntai Xen. Anab. 2.1.10 ; What will the soldiers have, if they oblige him in this? Future Most Vivid Conditions: The future indicative stands in the protasis and apodosis of future most vivid conditions. Smyth 2328 apokteneis gar, ei me gês exô baleis Eur. Phoen. 1621 ; for you will slay me if you cast me out of the land This text is based on the following book(s): |