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| Corpus | Words | Max. Inst. | Freq./10K | Min. Inst. | Freq./10K |
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| Greek Texts | 4844028 | 44497 | 91.86 | 37922 | 78.29 |
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| Greek | 1: hoste | 2: hote | 3: ête | 4: toi | 5: houneka |
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te, enclitic Particle, with two main uses (
A. as a Conjunction,
I. te . . te, both . . and, joining single words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, the first te merely pointing forward to the second, andrôn te theôn te Hom. Il. 1.544; agathôn te kakôn te Hes. WD 669; dipsêi te limôi te Aesch. Pers. 491, cf. Soph. Aj. 34,au=Soph. Aj. 35, Aristoph. Ach. 370,au=Aristoph. Ach. 375; tên te nêson tên te êpeiron Thuc. 4.8, cf. Antiph. 2.3.3, Plat. Rep. 373b; lusomenos te thugatra, pherôn t' apereisi' apoina Hom. Il. 1.13; paida te soi agemen Phoibôi th' hierên hekatombên rhexai IBID=au=Hom. Il. 1.443=lr; the elements joined by te . . te are usu. short in
2. the first clause may be negative, the second affirmative, as ekklêsian te ouk epoiei . . , tên te polin ephulasse Thuc. 2.22; but oute . . te is more freq., as oute posin eimi tachus . . , gignôskô te Xen. Cyrop. 2.3.6 (
3. te (both) sts. corresponds to a following de (and), or te (and) to a preceding men, e.g.
a. te . . de . . , as komisai te me, dos de moi hippous Hom. Il. 5.359, cf. au=Hom. Il. 7.418, Soph. OC 367, ti=Soph. Trach. 285, Eur. Phoen. 1625; esthas amphoteron nin echen, ha te . . epichôrios . . , amphi de pardaleai stegeto Pind. P. 4.80; diêkoue te . . , epeita de kai epêinese Xen. Cyrop. 4.4.3; so with hama de kai . . , hôsautôs de kai . . , Thuc. 1.25, Plat. Sym. 186e:--
b. men . . te . . , andra men . . , treis te kasignêtous Hom. Il. 19.291-au=Hom. Il. 19.3=lr, cf. Hom. Od. 22.475-au=Hom. Od. 22.6=lr, Pind. O. 6.88, au=Pind. O. 7.88, Aesch. Seven 924, ti=Aesch. Lib. 585 (lyr.), Soph. Ant. 963 (lyr.), Eur. Heraclid. 337 codd., ti=Eur. Cycl. 41 (lyr.), Aristoph. Cl. 563(lyr.), Plat. Phaedrus 266c, ti=Plat. Laws 927b:
4. a single te (and) joins a word, phrase, or (esp. later) clause or sentence to what precedes, teleutên kephalên te Plat. Tim. 69a; thnêta athanata te ib.c; Zeu alloi te theoi Hom. Il. 6.476; kunessin oiônoisi te pasi au=Hom. Il. 1.5; rhigêsen t' ar epeita anax andrôn Agamemnôn v.l. for d' ar in au=Hom. Il. 11.254; hen te ouden katestê iama . . , sôma te autarkes on ouden diephanê . . , Thuc. 2.51; ta te hiera . . nekrôn plea ên . . IBID=au=Thuc. 2.52=lr; nomoi te pantes xunetarachthêsan Ibid=Thuc. 2.52; daknei s' adelphos ho te thanôn isôs patêr Eur. El. 242, cf. au=Eur. El. 253,au=Eur. El. 262, al.; eis te tas allas . . athroizesthai
II. te . . kai . . , or te kai . . , both . . and . . , where te points forward to kai, and usu. need not be translated, e.g. Atreidês te anax andrôn kai dios Achilleus Hom. Il. 1.7; ei dê homou polemos te damai kai loimos Achaious IBID=au=Hom. Il. 1.61=lr; deilos te kai outidanos kaleoimên IBID=au=Hom. Il. 1.293=lr; zôon te kai artemea au=Hom. Il. 7.308, cf. au=Hom. Il. 7.327=lr,au=Hom. Il. 7.338=lr, al.; tês te gês eousês epitêdeês kai tôn potamôn eontôn sphi summachôn Hdt. 4.47; bouletai te kai epistatai Thuc. 2.35; ho phus te kai trapheis Plat. Rep. 396c; basin te gar palin tên autên echousi tên ZB kai . .
2. in this sense t' êde is only Ep., skêptron t' êde themistas Hom. Il. 9.99, cf. au=Hom. Il. 1.400, al.; also te . . , ide, chalkon te ide lophon au=Hom. Il. 6.469, cf. au=Hom. Il. 8.162.
3. kai . . te, both . . and . . , is occasionally found, as kai mêtera patera t' Eur. Alc. 646.
b. kai . . te perh. means and . . also in kai nautikôi te hama Thuc. 1.9; kai pros te tous Rhêginous IDEM=Thuc. 6.44; kai autos te IDEM=Thuc. 8.68;
4. te . . te or te . . kai . . sts. join elements which are not syntactically parallel, esp. a part. and a finite verb, ioisin te tituskomenoi laessi t' eballon (for ballontes) Hom. Il. 3.80; alla te epiphrazomenos kai dê kai epepomphee Hdt. 1.85; allôi te tropôi peirazontes kai mêchanên prosêgagon Thuc. 4.100; tês te hôras . . tautês ousês . . , kai to chôrion . . chalepon ên IDEM=Thuc. 7.47, cf. au=Thuc. 4.85, au=Thuc. 8.81, au=Thuc. 8.95=lr.
5. the copulative te becomes rare in later Gr.; it is found about au=Thuc. 8.340=lr times in
B. In Ep. (more rarely in other dactylic verse,
2. in exhortations addressed to an individual, a subsidiary sentence or relative clause in which he is reminded of his special or characteristic sphere of activity is marked by te, e.g. Hermeia, soi gar te malista ge philtaton estin andri hetairissai kai t' eklues hôi k' ethelêistha, bask' ithi . . Hom. Il. 24.334; Atreïdê, soi gar te malista ge laos Achaiôn peisontai muthoisi . . , nun d' apo purkaïês skedason . . au=Hom. Il. 23.156; deuro dê orso, grêü . . , hê te gunaikôn dmôiaôn skopos essi . . , ercheo Hom. Od. 22.395, cf. Hom. Il. 17.249.
3. similarly in general and frequentative statements consisting of two clauses (one of which may be a relative clause, freq. containing the subj. or opt.), in which the fulfilment of the condition stated in the subsidiary or subordinate clause is declared to be generally or always followed by the result stated in the principal clause, either or both clauses may contain te:
a. the principal clause alone contains te, hos ke theois epipeithêtai, mala t' ekluon autou Hom. Il. 1.218; hos d' an amumôn autos eêi kai amumona eidêi, tou men te kleos euru dia xeinoi phoreousi pantas ep' anthrôpous, polloi te min esthlon eeipon Hom. Od. 19.333; ei per gar thumôi ge menoinaai polemizein, alla te lathrêi guia barunetai . . , blabetai de te gounat' ionti Hom. Il. 19.165-au=Hom. Il. 19.6=lr; hôi men k' ammeixas dôêi Zeus terpikeraunos, allote men te kakôi ho ge kuretai allote d' esthlôi au=Hom. Il. 24.530.
b. the subordinate clause alone contains te, lazeto d' enchos . . tôi damnêsi stichas andrôn hêrôôn hoisin te kotessetai obrimopatrê au=Hom. Il. 5.747; rheia d' arignôtos gonos aneros hôi te Kroniôn olbon epiklôsê Hom. Od. 4.207; anti nu pollôn laôn estin anêr hon te Zeus kêri philêsêi Hom. Il. 9.117, cf. au=Hom. Il. 7.298, Hom. Od. 6.287, au=Hom. Od. 7.74, au=Hom. Od. 8.547, au=Hom. Od. 18.276; with opt., alla polu prôtistos . . heleskon andrôn dusmeneôn ho te moi eixeie podessi au=Hom. Od. 14.221: it is prob. that te has been replaced by ke in the text of
c. both clauses contain te, hos men t' aidesetai kouras Dios asson iousas, ton de meg' ônêsan kai t' ekluon euchomenoio Hom. Il. 9.508-au=Hom. Il. 9.9=lr; ei per gar te cholon ge kai autêmar katapepsêi, alla te kai metopisthen echei koton au=Hom. Il. 1.82-au=Hom. Il. 1.3=lr.
4. in the subordinate clause of a collective sentence, in which the principal clause states something to be true of all those (i.e. each individual) to whom the predicate of the subordinate clause applies, huposchômai . . ktêmata . . panta mal' hossa t' Alexandros . . êgageto Troiênd' . . dôsemen Hom. Il. 22.115; pantôn hossa te gaian epi pneiei te kai herpei au=Hom. Il. 17.447, cf. Hom. Od. 18.131, Hom. Il. 19.105; ballein agria panta ta te trephei ouresin hulê au=Hom. Il. 5.52, cf. au=Hom. Il. 18.485.
5. in relative clauses (and in parenthetic principal clauses) which indicate what is customary, epei ouch hierêïon oude boeiên arnusthên, ha te possin aethlia gignetai andrôn which are the usual prizes . . , Hom. Il. 22.160; erg' andrôn te theôn te, ta te kleiousin aoidoi Hom. Od. 1.338, cf. au=Hom. Od. 3.435, au=Hom. Od. 4.85, au=Hom. Od. 13.410, au=Hom. Od. 14.226, au=Hom. Od. 17.423, Hom. Il. 5.332; kumatos exanadus, ta t' ereugetai êpeironde Hom. Od. 5.438; molpê t' orchêstus te, ta gar t' anathêmata daitos au=Hom. Od. 1.152: similarly in clauses with hoia te (polla), kêtos episseuêi mega daimôn ex halos, hoia te polla trephei . . Amphitritê au=Hom. Od. 5.422; ou gar s' oude . . daêmoni phôti eïskô athlôn, hoia te polla met' anthrôpoisi pelontai au=Hom. Od. 8.160, cf. au=Hom. Od. 11.364, au=Hom. Od. 14.63, au=Hom. Od. 15.324,au=Hom. Od. 15.379=lr.
6. in relative clauses indicating what is true of all persons or things denoted by the same word, ou gar tis nêsôn hippêlatos oud' euleimôn hai th' hali kekliatai no one of the islands which lie in the sea (as all islands do, i.e. no island at all), Hom. Od. 4.608; hêmionon . . hê t' algistê damasasthai Hom. Il. 23.655; esthlos eôn gambros ê pentheros, hoi te malista kêdistoi telethousi Hom. Od. 8.582; aietou oimat' echôn . . hos th' hama kartistos te kai ôkistos peteênôn Hom. Il. 21.252, cf. au=Hom. Il. 24.294; oude min eisoichneusi kunêgetai, hoi te kath' hulên algea paschousin Hom. Od. 9.120; dikaspoloi, hoi te themistas pros Dios eiruatai Hom. Il. 1.238, cf. Hom. Od. 5.67, au=Hom. Od. 5.101=lr, Hom. Il. 1.279, au=Hom. Il. 19.31, au=Hom. Il. 24.415; oinos se trôei . . , hos te kai allous blaptei Hom. Od. 21.293, cf. au=Hom. Od. 14.464; parphasis, hê t' eklepse noon puka per phroneontôn Hom. Il. 14.217; oikôpheliê, hê te trephei aglaa tekna Hom. Od. 14.223.
7. when the antecedent is a definite group of gods or men, the relative clause with te indicates an essential characteristic of the antecedent, Erinues, hai th' hupo gaian anthrôpous teinuntai Hom. Il. 19.259; Seirênas . . , hai rha te pantas anthrôpous thelgousin Hom. Od. 12.39; Phaiêkes m' agagon nausiklutoi, hoi te kai allous anthrôpous pempousin au=Hom. Od. 16.227, cf. au=Hom. Od. 20.187; numphaôn hai t' alsea kala nemontai kai pêgas potamôn Hom. Il. 20.8; Lôtophagôn, hoi t' anthinon eidar edousi Hom. Od. 9.84: similarly when the antecedent is an individual person (incl. god) or thing, the relative clause with te indicates one of his or its general or essential characteristics or aspects, ou ma Zên' hos tis te theôn hupatos kai aristos Hom. Il. 23.43, cf. au=Hom. Il. 2.669, Hom. Od. 5.4; Hermeiao hekêti diaktorou, hos rha te pantôn anthrôpôn ergoisi charin kai kudos opazei au=Hom. Od. 15.319; Lampon kai Phaethonth', hoi t' Êô pôloi agousi au=Hom. Od. 23.246; Teiresiao mantios alaou, tou te phrenes empedoi eisi au=Hom. Od. 10.493; teuchea duneis andros aristêos, ton te tromeousi kai alloi Hom. Il. 17.203, cf. au=Hom. Il. 7.112; keitai anêr hon t' (v.l. hon) ison etiomen Hektori diôi, Aineias au=Hom. Il. 5.467; the relative clause sts. indicates what is customary, oude se lêthô timês hês te m' eoike tetimêsthai met' Achaiois au=Hom. Il. 23.649; entha d' anêr eniaue pelôrios, hos rha te mêla oios poimaineske Hom. Od. 9.187; tôn pantôn ou tosson oduromai . . hôs henos, hos te moi hupnon apechthairei kai edôdên mnôomenôi au=Hom. Od. 4.105; sês alochou . . hê te toi autôs hêstai eni megaroisin au=Hom. Od. 13.336; kai kêruka Medonta saôsomen, hos te meu aiei . . kêdesketo au=Hom. Od. 22.357, cf. au=Hom. Od. 22.346=lr.
8. te is used in descriptions of particular places or things when attention is called to their peculiar or characteristic features, or their position, e.g. Libuên, hina t' arnes aphar keraoi telethousi Hom. Od. 4.85; entha de t' ornithes tanusipteroi eunazonto au=Hom. Od. 5.65, cf. au=Hom. Od. 9.124, au=Hom. Od. 13.99,au=Hom. Od. 13.100=lr,au=Hom. Od. 13.107=lr,au=Hom. Od. 13.109=lr,au=Hom. Od. 13.244=lr; hex de te hoi (sc. Skullêi) deirai perimêkees au=Hom. Od. 12.90, cf. au=Hom. Od. 12.93=lr,au=Hom. Od. 12.99=lr,au=Hom. Od. 12.105=lr; en de te Gorgeiê kephalê (in Athena's aigis) Hom. Il. 5.741; chalepon de t' orussein andrasi ge thnêtoisi (sc. môlu) Hom. Od. 10.305; doiai gar te pulai amenênôn eisin oneirôn au=Hom. Od. 19.562; sts. te draws attention to a well-known custom or permanent feature, arxamenoi tou chôrou, hothen te per oinochoeuei au=Hom. Od. 21.142; ê menete Trôas schedon elthemen, entha te nêes eiruat' euprumnoi Hom. Il. 4.247, cf. Hom. Od. 6.266; en potamôi, hothi t' ardmos eên pantessi botoisin Hom. Il. 18.521, cf. Hom. Od. 14.353.
9. a part of the anatomy is defined by a clause (containing te) which indicates a feature which universally belongs to it, kat' ischion, entha te mêros ischiôi enstrephetai Hom. Il. 5.305, cf. au=Hom. Il. 8.83, au=Hom. Il. 13.547, au=Hom. Il. 16.481, au=Hom. Il. 20.478; similarly a point of time is defined, hôrêi en eiarinêi, hote t' êmata makra pelontai Hom. Od. 18.367.
10. te is used in relative clauses which define a measurement of a particular thing or action by reference to the measurement (in general) of some thing or action well known in daily life, gephurôsen de keleuthon makrên êd' eureian, hoson t' epi douros erôê gignetai Hom. Il. 15.358; tou d' êtoi kleos estai hoson t' epikidnatai êôs au=Hom. Il. 7.451; hote tosson apên hosson te gegône boêsas Hom. Od. 9.473, cf. au=Hom. Od. 3.321, al.; more rarely the definition is by reference to the measurement of a particular thing or action, êsthie . . heôs ho t' aoidos eni megaroisin aeiden (s.v.l.) au=Hom. Od. 17.358; hê tis dê tetlêke tosa phresin, hossa t' egô per au=Hom. Od. 19.347.
11. the freq. use
II. in post-
C. in
1. in assurances, statements on oath, and threats, schetlios, ê t' ekeleuon apôsamenon dêïon pur aps epi nêas imen Hom. Il. 18.13; ex au nun ephuges thanaton, kuon: ê te toi anchi êlthe kakon au=Hom. Il. 11.362; ê te is similarly used in au=Hom. Il. 11.391, au=Hom. Il. 17.171,au=Hom. Il. 17.236=lr, Hom. Od. 24.28,au=Hom. Od. 24.311=lr, al.; ê t' an in Hom. Il. 12.69, al.; gar te (s. v.l.) in ou gar t' oida au=Hom. Il. 6.367, cf. Hom. Od. 10.190; nu te in au=Hom. Od. 1.60,au=Hom. Od. 1.347=lr (but t' more prob.
2. also in commands, warnings, and admonitions, siga, mê tis t' allos Achaiôn touton akousêi muthon Hom. Il. 14.90, cf. Hom. Od. 19.486; hôs agag' hôs mêt' ar tis idêi mêt' ar te noêsêi Hom. Il. 24.337; tousde t' (v.l. d') ean au=Hom. Il. 16.96 (nisi leg. tousd' et'); dos de te m' andra helein au=Hom. Il. 5.118; mêde t' erôei (nisi leg. mêd' et') au=Hom. Il. 2.179, au=Hom. Il. 22.185.
3. also in passionate utterances, in clauses which indicate the cause of the speaker's passion or a circumstance which might have caused others to behave more considerately towards him, ô moi egô deilê . . hê t' . . ton men . . threpsasa . . epiproeêka Hom. Il. 18.55; schetlioi este, theoi, zêlêmones exochon allôn, hoi te theais agaasthe . . ên tis te . . Hom. Od. 5.119,au=Hom. Od. 5.120=lr, cf. au=Hom. Od. 21.87, Hom. Il. 15.468, au=Hom. Il. 17.174; hêmeis d' au machomesth', hoi per t' epikouroi eneimen and we, who (mark you) are only allies (not gambroi and kasignêtoi), are fighting, au=Hom. Il. 5.477; treis gar t' ek Kronou eimen adelpheoi for we, let me tell you, are three brothers, sons of Cronos (and Zeus has no prior title to power), au=Hom. Il. 15.187; poion de epos phugen herkos odontôn deinon t' argaleon te: nemessômai de t' akouôn Hom. Od. 21.169; ou mên hoi to ge kallion oude t' ameinon Hom. Il. 24.52.
4. in descriptions of particular events and things where there is no general reference, knisê men anênothen, en de te phorminx êpuei Hom. Od. 17.270; hôs (= so) te moi hubrizontes huperphialôs dokeousin dainusthai kata dôma au=Hom. Od. 1.227; tous men t' iêtroi polupharmakoi amphipenontai . . su d' amêchanos epleu, Achilleu Hom. Il. 16.28; polin peri dinêthêtên karpalimoisi podessi, theoi de te pantes horônto dub. l. in au=Hom. Il. 22.166; heure d' eni spêï glaphurôi Thetin, amphi de t' allai heiath' homêgerees haliai theai au=Hom. Il. 24.83 (s.v.l.); en de te pharmakon hêke Hom. Od. 10.317; nôï de t' apsorroi kiomen Hom. Il. 21.456; pollas gar dê nuktas . . aesa kai t' anemeina . . Êô Hom. Od. 19.342; deelon d' epi sêma t' ethêke Hom. Il. 10.466; en de te oinon krêtêrsin keroônto Hom. Od. 20.252; so with oude t' (nisi leg. oud' et'), ton kai hupeddeisan makares theoi oude t' edêsan Hom. Il. 1.406; oude t' elêge megas theos, ôrto d' ep' auton au=Hom. Il. 21.248; oude t' aeire au=Hom. Il. 23.730; oude t' easen au=Hom. Il. 11.437, au=Hom. Il. 21.596, cf. au=Hom. Il. 15.709.
5. hote te (when) freq. introduces a temporal clause defining a point of time in the past by means of a well-known event which occurred then, ê ou memnêi hote t' ekremô hupsothen; Hom. Il. 15.18; hote te Kronon . . Zeus gaiês nerthe katheise au=Hom. Il. 14.203; êmati tôi hote t' êlthon Amazones au=Hom. Il. 3.189 (but êmati tôi hote te is general in au=Hom. Il. 13.335; so also hote per te . . kerôntai in au=Hom. Il. 4.259); hote t' êluthe nosphin Achaiôn angelos es Thêbas au=Hom. Il. 5.803, cf. au=Hom. Il. 10.286, au=Hom. Il. 22.102, Hom. Od. 7.323, au=Hom. Od. 18.257.
6. in ho te (that or because) the te has no observable meaning, chôomenos ho t' ariston Achaiôn ouden etisas Hom. Il. 1.244, cf. au=Hom. Il. 1.412=lr, au=Hom. Il. 4.32, au=Hom. Il. 6.126, Hom. Od. 5.357, al.
7. epei te
8. where t' ar occurs in questions, e.g. pêi t' ar memonas katadunai homilon; Hom. Il. 13.307, cf. au=Hom. Il. 1.8, au=Hom. Il. 18.188, al., tar (q.v.) should prob. be read, since ar(a) usu. precedes a te which is not copulative; so perh. tara should be read for t' ara in Hom. Od. 1.346.
9. in hê themis estin . . ê t' andrôn ê te gunaikôn Hom. Il. 9.276, it is not clear whether te is copulative (te A) or generalizing (te B) or neither (te C); ê is prob.
10. Rarer and later uses;
a. also, esp. with allos, Hermeia, su gar aute ta t' alla per angelos essi Hom. Od. 5.29, cf. au=Hom. Od. 17.273, Hom. Il. 23.483; epei ta te alla prattousin kalôs, anatheinai autous kai stêlên
b. with hode, adding a slight emphasis to the preceding word, ei dê tênde te gaian aneireai Hom. Od. 13.238, cf. au=Hom. Od. 15.484.
c. te gar rarely
D. Position
1. in signf. A, as an enclitic, it stands second word in the sentence, clause, or phrase, regardless of the meaning: enguthi te Priamoio kai Hektoros near both Priam and Hector, Hom. Il. 6.317; hêmeterai t' alochoi kai nêpia tekna au=Hom. Il. 2.136, cf. au=Hom. Il. 4.505, au=Hom. Il. 7.295; aiei te dê nêlês ou kai thrasous pleôs Aesch. PB 42 codd., cf. au=Aesch. PB 291 (anap.); aneu te dolou kai apatês Hdt. 1.69; huper te sou kai tês adelphês
2. te is enclitic in signfs. B, C also, and stands early in its sentence, clause, or phrase (
E. Etymology: signf. A is found also in Skt. ca, Lat. -que; for signfs. B and c cf. Skt. ca in yá&hnull; káś ca 'whosoever (with following verb)', Lat. -que in quisque, ubique, plerique, usque, neque, nec (= non in necopinans, etc.), Goth. ni-h 'not' (also 'and not'), Lat. namque (= nam).